Physiochemical and nutritional evaluation of whole kumquat fruits powder and its protective effect on thyroid hormones and blood sugar levels in diabetic rats / Avaliação físico-química e nutricional de frutas inteiras de kumquat em pó e seu efeito protetor sobre os hormônios da tireoide e os níveis de açúcar no sangue em ratos diabéticos

The present study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effects of whole kumquat (Ku) powder in diabetic rats fed a high-fat-high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using stable 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethyl benzo thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Total phenolic content was (51.85 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content was (0.24 mg Cateachin Equivalent, CE/g). DPPH and ABTS values were 3.32 and 3.98 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g where FRAP value was 3.00 mM Fe²+/kg dry material. A total of 90 albino rats were used in the present study. Rats group were as follows: normal diet; normal treated (2, 4, and 6% Ku.), diabetic rats (non-treated), diabetic + HFHC diet (non-treated), HFHC (non-treated), Diabetic (treated), HFHC (treated) and Diabetic + HFHC (treated). The diets were followed for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Serum glucose was recorded and thyroid hormones (T4, Thyroxine and T3, Triiodothyronine) were conducted. Diet supplemented with Kumquat at different concentrations have a hypoglycemic effect and improve the thyroid hormones of both diabetic rats and HFHC diabetic rats.

O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a composição química, a atividade antioxidante e os efeitos hipoglicêmicos do pó de kumquat (Ku) em ratos diabéticos alimentados com uma dieta rica em gordura e colesterol (HFHC). As atividades antioxidantes foram avaliadas usando o método de eliminação de radicais livres de 1,1-difenil 2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico) radical cátion (ABTS) e antioxidante redutor férrico potência (FRAP). O conteúdo fenólico total foi (51,85 mg GAE / g) e o conteúdo total de flavonoides foi (0,24 mg Cateachin Equivalent, CE / g). Os valores de DPPH e ABTS foram 3,32 e 3,98 mg equivalente de Trolox (TE) / g, em que o valor de FRAP foi de 3,00 mM Fe²+ / kg de material seco. Um total de 90 ratos albinos foi usado no presente estudo. O grupo dos ratos foi o seguinte: dieta normal: tratados normais (2, 4 e 6% Ku.), ratos diabéticos (não tratados), diabéticos + dieta HFHC (não tratados), HFHC (não tratados), diabéticos (tratados), HFHC (tratados) e diabéticos + HFHC (tratados). As dietas foram seguidas por 8 semanas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ao final do experimento. A glicose sérica foi registrada e os hormônios tireoidianos (T4, Tiroxina e T3, Triiodotironina) foram conduzidos. A dieta suplementada com kumquat em diferentes concentrações tem um efeito hipoglicêmico e melhora os hormônios tireoidianos tanto de ratos diabéticos quanto de ratos diabéticos com HFHC.

Os hormônios tireoidianos e o tratamento ortodôntico / Thyroid hormones and the orthodontic treatment

Objetiva-se, com o presente trabalho, discutir a possível administração dos hormônios tireoidianos (T3 e T4) durante o tratamento ortodôntico, com base na revisão da literatura. Concluiu-se que a administração da tiroxina poderá transformar-se numa alternativa importante para o controle da reabsorção radicular e ainda poderá vir a contribuir para diminuir a duração do tratamento ortodôntico. Não obstante, mais estudos são necessários para se determinar qual a dose terapêutica a ser administrada em seres humanos e como contornar os efeitos adversos

Short-term effects of thyroid hormones on lipogenic enzymes and 14C-acetate incorporation into various lipid classes: in vivo and in vitro studies.

Short-term effect of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) on lipid metabolism in the liver of Anabas testudineus was examined. In vivo injections of both T3 and T2 at a concentration of 10 ng/g body weight increased malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) activity compared to 6-propylthiouracil (6-PTU) treated group. Treatment of 6-PTU results in the accumulation 14C-acetate into fat and thyroid hormones' treatment reduce it. In vitro experiments show that malic enzyme activity is augmented only by high concentration of T3 (10(-7) M) where as all concentrations of T2 increase its activity. In vitro studies with T3 showed a biphasic effect on cholesterol content. Conversely T2 in vitro, reduced cholesterol content with all concentrations. From these results it can be concluded that both T3 and T2 have short-term effect on lipid metabolism in Anabas.

Role of thyroidal and testicular hormones in regulation of tissue respiration in male air-breathing fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.).

In vivo and in vitro effects of thyroidal hormones (MIT, DIT, T3, T4), propyl thiouracil (PTU), testosterone and cyproterone acetate were studied on the rate of tissue (liver, muscle, kidney and brain) respiration of adult male C. batrachus during winter and summer/rainy seasons. Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodothyrosine (DIT) increased the respiratory rate in a dose-dependent and temperature-independent manner. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) stimulated tissue respiration during summer/rainy months but not during winter. PTU decreased tissue respiration during summer/rainy season and also at simulated low temperature. Testosterone invariably stimulated the rate of respiration of the tissues, while in vivo treatment with cyproterone acetate significantly decreased the metabolic rate of all the tissues. The findings suggest that in C. batrachus MIT and DIT may be more important than T3 and T4 at low temperature, endogenous thyroid hormones are involved indirectly in energy metabolism even during winter/at low temperature and testicular hormones are actively involved in the respiration.

An identical neo-mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene (A317T) in 2 unrelated Thai families with resistance to thyroid hormone.

We reported two unrelated Thai girls with resistance to thyroid hormone. The affected patients presented with goiter and no other stigmata of hyperthyroidism. Their serum T4, T3, free T4 and free T3 concentrations were high and they had normal levels of TSH. The affected girl in family 1 was treated with an antithyroid drug for 1-9/12 years. The affected girl in family 2 was only observed her thyroid function tests. TRH test showed normal TSH response in both girls. Analysis of the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene of both affected girls revealed the same missense mutation, changing the guanine in nucleotide 1234 to an adenine which results in the replacement of the normal alanine (GCT) with a threonine (ACT) at codon 317. Two proposita were heterozygous, and this mutation was not present in their parents compatible with a neo-mutation.

Repercussöes neurológicas do hipertiroidismo congênito / Nurological repercussion of congenital hyperthyroidism

Na literatura disponível sobre os programas de rastreamento para o hipotireoidismo congênito tem-se mencionado como objetivo principal, a prevençäo das seqüelas neurológicas decorrentes do diagnóstico e tratamento tardios desta afecçäo. No entanto, tem-se observado que, mesmo com a disseminaçäo destes programas pelo mundo e o início precoce do tratamento, algumas disfunçöes neurológicas ainda säo notadas, o que leva um contigente significativo destas crianças a necessitarem de ensino especializado em tempo integral. Neste trabalho é feita uma revisäo bibliográfica sobre a embriologia do sistema nervoso e suas inter-relaçöes com o desenvolvimento do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-tireoidiano fetal; as alteraçöes fisiopatológicas e bioquímicas que podem ocorrer no sistema nervoso em decorrência da hipotiroxinemia, seja de início pré-natal - quando é possível haver participaçäo materna na etiopatogenia -, seja de surgimento após o parto, quando a disfunçäo tireoidiana é exclusivamente oriunda do feto; e uma abordagem sobre as repercussöes a nível comportamental e de aprendizado. Embora o rastreamento neonatal tenha a sua indiscutível importância na melhoria das condiçöes de vida da populaçäo em geral, as lesöes ocorridas na fase pré-natal que näo säo evitadas com os programas de rastreamento neonatais convencionais, nos levam a pensar que o ideal seria incluir uma forma de rastreamento para o hipotireoidismo nas rotinas de acompanhamento pré-natal para que se possa garantir o desenvolvimento neurológico pleno desta populaçäo.

Stimulation of intact rat liver by exogenous hepatotrophic factors with additional growth of its mass

It was previously demonstrated that it is possible to increase the size of the intact liver of rats, contray to the biological determination that ties liver size to animal size bay intraperitoneal (portal) administration of exogenous hepatotrophic factors (a solution containing glucose, amino acids, insulin, glucagon, vitamins, and electrolytes) which qualitatively mimie substances and hormones normally present in splanchnic blood (PARRA et al.). In the present investigation, we studied the possible action of fat (LipofundinR), human milk growth factors, co-factors (folic acid, vitamin B12 and zinc), and thyroid hormone (T3 on the regenerative stimulus when added to the above solution. T3 was found to be an important factor which increased liver mass when compared to the basic solution (67.54 por cento) versus 36.07 por cento). Although these values were not compared statistically due to the small number of surviving animals, they are important as guidelines for future research about new compositions of hepatotrophic solutions that will maintain or improve the level of stimulation obtained thus far, with a possible reduction in animal mortality

Regeneraçäo do fígado intacto de ratos com crescimento adicional de sua massa, estimulado por fatores hepatotróficos exógenos / Intact liver regeneration of rats with additional growth of its mass, stimulated by exogenous hepatotrophic factors

Foi anteriormente demonstrado em ratos que é possível aumentar o tamanho do fígado intacto, contrariando determinaçäo biológica que o vincula ao porte do animal, com a administraçäo intraperitoneal (portal) de fatores hepatotróficos exógenos (soluçäo de glicose, aminoácidos, insulina, glucagon, vitaminas e eletrólitos) que mimetizam, em qualidade, substâncias e hormônios normalmente existentes no sangue esplâncnico (PARRA e col.) Neste trabalho estuda-se a possível açäo, sobre o estímulo regenerativo, de gordura (Lipofundin, fatores de crescimento do leite humano, co-fatores (ácido fólico, vitamina B12 e zinco) e hormônio tiroideano (T3), quando adicionados à soluçäo anterior. Verificou-se que o T3 é fator importante, tendo aumentado a massa hepática em relaçäo à soluçäo basal (67,54// versus 36,07//). Embora tais valores näo tenham sido comparados estatísticamente pelo reduzido número de animais sobreviventes, säo todavia importantes para orientar futura pesquisa que vise buscar nova composiçäo para a soluçäo de fatores hepatotróficos que mantenha ou melhore o nível de estímulo já conseguido com possível reduçäo na mortalidade dos animais

Effects of thyroidal, gonadal and adrenal hormones on tissue respiration of streaked frog, Rana limnocharis, at low temperature.

In vivo and in vitro effects of thyroidal, gonadal and adrenal hormones were studied on the rate of liver and skeletal muscle respiration in both the sexes of R. limnocharis during active and inactive phases of the annual activity cycle. Triiodothyronine (L-T3) and thyroxine (L-T4) did not stimulate tissue (liver and muscle) respiration in any of the experiments irrespective of season, sex and temperature. Testosterone, estradiol and corticosterone stimulated O2 uptake significantly irrespective of season, sex and temperature. Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline also stimulated tissue respiration significantly during the winter month. Since the ambient temperature was low even during the active phase (max. temperature 21 degrees C), it seems that the frog might have developed tissue sensitivity for gonadal and adrenal hormones at low temperatures when thyroid hormones are calorigenically ineffective.

Effect of thyroid hormones on delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.

The effect of long term administration of thyroid hormones and its deprivation on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to 2-4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was studied. Animals were either pre-treated with thyroid hormones (T3 or T4) for 15 days and then subjected to DNCB skin test or the animals received thyroid hormones and simultaneously subjected to DNCB skin test. In both the cases DTH reaction was found to be increased significantly. When DNCB skin test was performed in the thyroidectomized animals, DNCB skin reaction was significantly decreased and the reaction was restored to normal following supplementation of thyroid hormones to the thyroidectomized animals. TLC and ALC were increased significantly following hormone treatment and thyroidectomized animals. TLC hand, induced significant depression in the count which was restored by hormone administration to the thyroidectomized animals.